Note: Hal-04920612v1. Online First.
Keywords: Green, Generative AI, Life Cycle Analysis, Digital services, Greenhouse Gas Emission, Energy, Sustainability.
@Article{ ArticleBerthelot.BCJL_CA25,
author = {Berthelot, Adrien and Caron, Eddy and Jay, Mathilde and Lef{\`e}vre, Laurent},
issn = {0001-0782},
journal = {Communications of the ACM},
keywords = {{Green, Generative AI, Life Cycle Analysis, Digital services, Greenhouse Gas Emission, Energy, Sustainability}},
month = {June, 3},
note = {hal-04920612v1. {Online First}},
publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}},
title = {{Understanding the environmental impact of generative AI services}},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3725984},
volume = {Special Issue on Sustainability and Computing},
year = {2025}
}
Note: To appear, https://hal.science/hal-05143704.
@Article{ ArticleLambert.LCLG_FGCS25,
author = {Lambert, Simon and Caron, Eddy and Lef{\`e}vre, Laurent and Grivel, R{\'e}mi},
journal = {Future Generation Computer Systems},
note = {To appear, https://hal.science/hal-05143704},
number = {FGCS-D-24-03438R3},
title = {Consolidation of virtual machines to reduce energy consumption of data centers by using ballooning, sharing and swapping mechanisms},
year = {2025}
}
Note: To publish.
Keywords: Energy Efficiency, Cloud, Workload Consolidation, Virtual Machines, Migration.
| Abstract: | Due to some overprovisioning policies and variable usage, data centers in production can face low average resource utilization. This can result in a waste of underused servers and energy. In this context, virtual machine (VM) consolidation combined with shutdown policies can be a pertinent approach for improving resource utilization and reducing energy consumption of the entire cloud infrastructure. However, VM consolidation requires expensive migration techniques, which can potentially affect performance. Consolidation of workload has been proposed and studied as a core capability since the invention of the Cloud. But after two decades of deployment of Cloud infrastructures, VM consolidation is still rarely used in production for small and large-scale environments. In this article, we explore and revisit the potential of savings that can be achieved through a versatile and efficient Virtual Machine consolidation in small and large-scale production infrastructures through usage analysis of two Cloud providers infrastructures. We show that potential benefits in terms of saved cloud resources and energy usage reduction can occur for systems in production. |
@Article{ ArticleLambert.LOLCOFG_IJHPCA25,
abstract = {Due to some overprovisioning policies and variable usage, data centers in production can face low average resource utilization. This can result in a waste of underused servers and energy. In this context, virtual machine (VM) consolidation combined with shutdown policies can be a pertinent approach for improving resource utilization and reducing energy consumption of the entire cloud infrastructure. However, VM consolidation requires expensive migration techniques, which can potentially affect performance. Consolidation of workload has been proposed and studied as a core capability since the invention of the Cloud. But after two decades of deployment of Cloud infrastructures, VM consolidation is still rarely used in production for small and large-scale environments. In this article, we explore and revisit the potential of savings that can be achieved through a versatile and efficient Virtual Machine consolidation in small and large-scale production infrastructures through usage analysis of two Cloud providers infrastructures. We show that potential benefits in terms of saved cloud resources and energy usage reduction can occur for systems in production.},
author = {Lambert, Simon and Ostapenco, Vladimir and Lef{\`e}vre Laurent and Caron, Eddy and Orgerie, Anne-C{\'e}cile and Fichel, Benjamin and Grivel, R{\'e}mi},
journal = {International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications},
keywords = {Energy Efficiency, Cloud, Workload Consolidation, Virtual Machines, Migration},
note = {To publish},
publisher = {SAGE Publications},
title = {Revisiting virtual machine consolidation to save resources and energy in heterogeneous production cloud infrastructures},
year = {2025}
}
